Given name: Tosia Family name: Altman (6)

(1)

'Haszomer Hacair messenger, travelled on the Warsaw-Vilna line; survived the extermination of the bunker at Mila Street No. 18, led through the sewers from the ghetto by a combat group, commanded by Kazik (Symcha Rotem), on 9 May 1943'

(2)

a Haszomer Hacair instructor, from 1938 in the central command. From 1939 to 1940, she recruited for the organisation in the cities of the General Government. In 1941, with Lea Koziebrodzka, she organised self-defence groups in the Vilna ghetto. In 1942, she visited ghettos in Grodno, Bialystok and in Silesia; later she wrote reports about the situation of the Jewish communities there. On 8 May 1942 she was in the bunker at Mila Street No. 18 - when the Germans attacked, she managed to cross to the bunker at Franciszkanska Street No. 22. At night, from 8 to 9 May, she left the ghetto by sewers with a group of several insurgents. The fighters hid in the forest in Lomianki, where they waited to be transferred to partisan units. Tosia came back to Warsaw after a few days. She hid with other members of Haszomer Hacair in the photographic films factory in Praga, in 11 Listopada Street. On 24 May, fire burst there, 8 people died, including 3 survivors from Mila Street No. 18. Heavy wounded Tosia was turned in by a Polish policeman to the Germans and died a few days later.

(3)

A messenger of Arie Wilner with the activists on the 'Aryan side'. Died tragically.

(4)

Member of the Jewish Fighting Organisation (ZOB). After the uprising, she hid on the 'Aryan side' with five friends, including Eliezer Geller. On 11 November 1943, their hide-out in Praga, in the celluloid factory, bursts into flames. Three of the fighters manage to get from the attic on the roof. Tosia falls down on the roof, her dress is on fire.

(5)

activist of the underground

(6)

Survival from the bunker at Mila Street No. 18. She hid with other fighters survived from the ghetto uprising in the celluloid film factory in Praga (in 11 Listopada Avenue). She had a suppurating wound on her forehead which she cured with ichthyol. It was in a form of a candle, which should be melted to ointment to put it on the wound. From the match the whole bag of celluloid went on fire in the attic. Seriously burnt Tosia (and Mania) were handed in by Polish policemen to the Germans, who took them to hospital, where they were not given any help. They died there, suffering terribly.

(5)

Wilner, Gusta; Wspomnienia z getta i aryjskiej strony Warszawy - Poświęcone pamięci mojego Brata, bojownika Arje ('Jurka') Wilnera, który poległ w walce o honor Narodu Żydowskiego; (Memoirs from the Ghetto and the 'Aryan Side' of Warsaw – to Remember my Brother, the Fighter Arje ('Jurek'), who Died to Defend the Honour of the Jewish People

(6)

Rufeisen-Schuepper, Helena; Pozegnanie Milej 18. Wspomnienia laczniczki Zydowskiej Organizacji Bojowej (A Farewell in Mila Street No. 18. Memoirs of a Messenger of the Jewish Fighting Organisation)

(1) 152-153; 305; 315", (2) 142-143, (3) str.211, (4) 121,202, (6) 116; 118; 122