Given name: Kazimierz Family name: Ratajzer (8)

(1, 8)

A fighter of the Jewish Fighting Organization (ZOB).

(2)

An activist of the Jewish underground. He was arrested together with Tadek (Towie Szaingut) during weapons collection at Waszyngtona Street No. 80. On 30 April 1943 he got out of the ghetto via an underground passage.

(3)

After the ghetto uprising he was the main messenger in Jewish Fighting Organization (ZOB) on the 'Aryan side'. During the uprising he fought in Henoch Gutman's combat outfit by the brushmakers. On 29 April, by order of the uprising commandant, he left the ghetto through sewers, in order to contact Cukierman. He had a great 'Aryan' look, he was clever, courageous, and full of dedication. On 8 May he came back to the ghetto through sewers, he searched for living people in the burning ghetto, and found 30 fighters. He gathered them in the sewer in Prosta Street, and then took them to a wood near Warsaw.

(4)

During the uprising he fought on the territory of the brushmakers' 'shop' in Hanoch Gutman's group. On 20 April he defused a mine when the Germans approached the brushmakers' territory. On 1 May 1943, together with Zygmunt Frudrych he was sent to the representative of the Jewish Fighting Organisation (ZOB) Command on the 'Aryan side', Icchak Cukierman. He went through the sewers in order to organise the way out for the other fighters from the ghetto. He returned to the ghetto on 8 May, and found nobody there. He met the fighters in the sewers on his way back to the 'Aryan side'. On 10 May he transported in a lorry over 30 insurgents to a wood in Lomianki. He hid in Warsaw and was a Jewish Fighting Organisation (ZOB) messenger. He took part in the Warsaw uprising and fought in the Old Town in the Home Army (Armia Krajowa) unit. After the fall of the Old Town he led the insurgents out to Zoliborz through the sewers. After the war he organised Bricha (post-war illegal emigration of Jews to Israel) - emigration of European Jews to Palestine, where he came in November 1946. He lives in Jerusalem.

(5)

A fighter, he left the ghetto through the sewers; he used to go to Cracow with Adina.

(6)

Member of the youth Zion organisation Akiba. During the ghetto uprising, he fought at the brushmakers' factory (?), and later took part in rescuing through the sewers many ghetto fighters. He was one of few ghetto fighters to stay alive.

(7)

A fighter of the Jewish Fighting Organization (ZOB), together with Polish sewage workers he led a group of fighters out of the ghetto on 9 May 1943.

(5)

He looked like a real Warsaw urchin.

(3)

Rufeisen-Schuepper, Helena Pozegnanie Milej 18. Wspomnienia laczniczki Zydowskiej Organizacji Bojowej (A Farewell in Mila Street No. 18. Memoirs of a Messenger of the Jewish Fighting Organisation)

(1) 136, (2) 124,185,275, (3) 144, (4) 8, 69,92,97, 156,157,220, 242, (5) 65,90,, (6) 216, (7) s. 276- 280, (8) str. 124